Maaddada cathode waa isha aasaasiga ah ee lithium ions ee alithium{0}} baytari. Inta lagu jiro dallacaadda, ion lithium ayaa laga soo saaraa shabagga crystal ee walxaha cathode oo galaan walxaha anode; Gadaalku wuxuu dhacaa marka la shubayo. Awooda dib loo rogi karo iyo taxanaha korantada ee walxaha cathode inta lagu jiro dallacaadda iyo sii daynta ayaa si weyn u go'aamisa cufnaanta tamarta lithium-ka{2}} baytariga. Intaa waxaa dheer, sababtoo ah maaddada cathode waxay ka kooban tahay biraha sida lithium, cobalt, iyo nikkel, waxay ka kooban tahay qaybta ugu muhiimsan ee qiimaha lithium{4}} baytariyada ion.
Horumarinta walxaha cathode ee leh cufnaanta tamar sare, koronto wax soo saar sare leh, nolol adeeg dheer, iyo sahlanaanta wax-soo-saarka ayaa muhiimad weyn leh. Maaddada cathode ee ku habboon waa inay buuxisaa shuruudaha aasaasiga ah ee soo socda.
(1) Waxa uu leeyahay awood dib-u-habeyn sare, isaga oo hubinaya koronto sare oo batteriga ah.
(2) Waxa uu qaadi karaa inta ugu badan ee suurtogalka ah ion lithium, isaga oo hubinaya awoodda batari sare.
(3) Inta lagu jiro gelinta iyo soo saarista lithium ions, maadada cathode waxay ilaalin kartaa xasilloonideeda qaabdhismeed, taas oo hubinaysa nolosha wareegga dheer ee korantada.
(4) Waxa uu leeyahay koronto-dhal heer sare ah oo elektiroonig ah iyo ion, si wax ku ool ah u yareeya lumitaanka tamarta ee ay keento saamaynta polaration-ka, si loo hubiyo in batteriga uu si degdeg ah u dallaci karo iyo awoodaha soo saarista.
(5) Xaddiga korantada ee batteriga uu ku shaqeeyo waa inuu ku dhex jiraa xasilloonida korantada ee korantada, taasoo hoos u dhigaysa falcelinta kiimikaad ee aan loo baahnayn ee u dhexeeya walxaha korantada iyo korantada.
(6) Ma aha oo kaliya inay lahaato qiimo jaban iyo habka isku-dhafka fudud, laakiin sidoo kale waa inay muujisaa saaxiibtinimo sare oo deegaanka ah.
Intaa waxaa dheer, maaddada cathode waa inay sidoo kale muujisaa degganaansho kuleyl iyo kiimikaad aad u fiican.
Agabka cathode ee jira waxa inta badan loo qaybin karaa saddex qaybood oo ku salaysan kala duwanaanshahooda qaabdhismeedka crystal: ① qaab dhismeedka lakabka ah, sida lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) iyo walxaha ternary (LiNiCo, Mni-x-yO2); ② qaab dhismeedka olivine, sida lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4); ③ oxides qaab-dhismeedka spinel, sida lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) iyo lithium nickel manganese oxide (LiNi10.5Mn1.5O4). Noocyada kala duwan ee cathodes waxay leeyihiin cufnaanta tamarta kala duwan, sifooyinka elektiroonigga ah, iyo kharashyada, ugu dambeyntii iyaga oo ka dhigaya kuwo ku habboon dhinacyada kala duwan iyo xaaladaha codsiga. Qaab dhismeedka lakabka leh ee walxaha katoodeyada waxay tixraacaan agabka cathode ee leh qaab dhismeed microcrystalline ah oo lakabaysan, gaar ahaan ay ku jiraan lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide, iyo lithium{12}} osaydh manganese hodan ah. Waxaa ka mid ah, lithium cobalt oxide iyo lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide hadda waa agabka cathode ee loogu isticmaalka badan yahay lithium{14}} baytariyada ion ee alaabada elektiroonigga ah ee dhijitaalka ah iyo baytariyada lithium-ka awooda leh. Waxaa lagu gartaa cufnaanta tamarta sare, waxqabadka wareegga heer sare ah, iyo waxqabadka guud ee wanaagsan, laakiin saamiga sare ee biraha sida nikkel, cobalt, iyo manganese waxay keenaysaa kharashyo badan.
Lithium cobalt oxide maaddada cathode
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) waxa helay saynis yahan Maraykan ah iyo ku guulaystaha Nobel ee Chemistry, JB Goodenough, waxaana markii ugu horaysay suuq geeyey Sony Corporation of Japan 1990-meeyadii. Xitaa maanta, lithium cobalt oxide ayaa weli ah mid ka mid ah walxaha cathode ee leh cufnaanta tamarta ugu sareysa. Sababtan awgeed, waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa alaabada gacanta ee shandad dhijitaalka ah oo u baahan cufnaanta tamarta mugga sare leh, sida taleefannada gacanta, saacadaha smart, iyo dhegaha Bluetooth-ka.
Lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), as one of the earliest commercially available cathode materials, possesses a volumetric energy density unmatched by other cathode materials. Electrodes prepared from LiCoO2 can achieve a compaction density exceeding 4.2 g/cm², and a specific capacity of 185 mA·h/g at high voltage (>4.45V). Intaa waxaa dheer, LiCoO2 waxay soo bandhigaysaa korantada elektiroonigga ah iyo ionic-ka oo aad u sarreeya, hufnaanta awoodda, iyo sifada dallacaadda degdega ah, oo buuxinaysa shuruudaha baytariyada elektiroonigga ah ee macaamiisha iyo sidaas awgeed waxay leedahay codsiyo kala duwan. Iyada oo ku saleysan guryahan, LiCoO2 ayaa weli ah mid ka mid ah qalabka cathode-ka ugu fiican ilaa maanta.
Hababka isku xidhka ugu muhiimsan ee lithium cobalt oxide waxa ka mid ah -heerkulka adag- state synthesis, sol-gel synthesis, iyo low-heerkul adke. Heerkulka sare - adag {{6}Abuuritaanka gobolka waxa ka mid ah isku darka lithium cusbada iyo cobalt{7} ka kooban oxides ama hydroxides ee saamiga stoichiometric gaar ah, ka dibna la xisaabiyaa isku dar ah heerkul ku haboon wakhti cayiman, oo ay ku xigto qaboojin, miirid, iyo shaandhayn si loo helo muunada. Inkasta oo heerkulka sare{9}} adag - Habka isku dhafka gobolka si weyn loogu isticmaalo wax soo saarka warshadaha, waa wakhti -qabashada, waxay u baahan tahay heerkul sare, oo soo saara budo waaweyn oo aan sinnayn oo leh weecsanaan stoichiometric ah oo la taaban karo, taasoo keentay koror la taaban karo oo qiimaha.
Qalabka fosfate-ka ee cathode
Sannadkii 1997, Goodenough et al. ugu horrayn ee loo soo jeediyay lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) oo ah walxo cathode ah oo loogu talagalay baytariyada lithium{3}}
Qiimaha jaban, qaabdhismeedkiisa deggan, iyo badbaadada sare awgeed, alaabtani waxay si tartiib tartiib ah u noqotay mid ka mid ah agabka cathode ee la doorbido ee lithium{0}} baytariyada ion ee basaska korantada iyo nidaamyada kaydinta tamarta.
Fosfooraska birta ee Lithium (LiFePO4) waxay la wadaagtaa qaab-dhismeedka crystal-ka oo la mid ah iyo nidaamka crystal leh fosfateta birta (FePO4). Tani waxay ka dhigan tahay in maaddadu ay la kulanto isbeddelka mugga ugu yar inta lagu jiro lithium{3}} gelinta/saaridaynta, si wax ku ool ah uga hortagto waxyeellada shabagga ee ay keento ballaarinta mugga ama foosha. Intaa waxaa dheer, sifadani waxay hubisaa xidhiidhka wanaagsan ee korantada ee u dhexeeya qaybaha iyo waxyaalaha lagu daro, taasoo keentay xasillooni wareeg ah oo aad u fiican iyo cimri dherer. Intaa waxaa dheer, lithium iron fosfate waxay caan ku tahay saaxiibtinimada deegaanka, qiimaha - wax ku oolnimada, badbaadada aad u fiican, awood gaar ah oo sare (qiyaastii 170 mA·h/g), iyo dallacaadda/dejinta joogtada ah. Marka la eego faa'iidooyinkan, lithium iron fosfateed waxaa loo tixgaliyaa doorashada ku habboon agabka cathode ee codsiyada kaydinta tamarta baaxadda leh.
Hababka waxaa ka mid ah geeddi-socodka sol{0}gelka, farsamooyinka isku-darka, iyo isku-darka kuleyliyaha. Gaar ahaan, isku-dhafka hydrothermal wuxuu si toos ah u soo saaraa badeecada bartilmaameedka ah ee autoclave iyada oo kordhinaysa heerkulka iyo cadaadiska, iyada oo la adeegsanayo birta, lithium, iyo xeryahooda fosfooraska sida alaabta ceeriin. Habkan waxaa lagu yaqaanaa hawlgalkiisa fudud, cabbirka walxaha yaryar iyo kuwa la midka ah, iyo isticmaalka tamarta hooseeya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay leedahay xaddidaad xagga wax soo saarka warshadaha, ugu horrayn iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay baahida loo qabo cadaadis si gaar ah loo nashqadeeyey{4}} weelasha u adkaysta. Isku-duubnida, dhanka kale, waxaa lagu qabtaa habka xalalka, halkaas oo qaab-dhismeedka hore u saameeyaa arrimo kala duwan sida xoojinta, xakamaynta heerkulka, hagaajinta pH, iyo heerka kicinta. Marka la eego doorka muhiimka ah ee xuduudahani ay ka ciyaaraan waxqabadka ugu dambeeya ee walxaha LiFePO, xulashada taxadarka leh ee xaaladaha tijaabada ah ayaa muhiim ah. Alaabooyinka lagu diyaariyey habkan kaliya ma laha sifooyin qaab-dhismeed aad u wanaagsan (ie, cabbirka walxaha yaryar iyo kuwa labbiska ah) laakiin sidoo kale waxay muujinayaan sifooyin kiimikaad sare leh; si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa mudan in la ogaado in dhammaan habka hawlgalka uu yahay mid aad u adag, caqabadaha sifeynta iyo arrimaha maareynta qashinka ayaa laga yaabaa inay soo baxaan inta lagu jiro habka.
Lithium manganese oxide iyo lithium -manganese qani ah{1}} walxaha cathode ku salaysan
Lithium manganese oxide
Cilmi baarista lithium - agabka baytariga ion, walxo kale oo muhiim ah oo ganacsi ahaan loo heli karo waa shay kathode - qaabaysan lithium manganese oxide (LiMn₂O₄) walxaha cathode ee ay soo jeediyeen Thackeray et al. sanadkii 1983. Spinel{4}} lithium manganese oxide habaysan waxa iska leh nidaamka kiyuubik crystal. Halabuurka kiimikada caadiga ah waa LiMn₂O₄. Dhismaha LiMn₂O₄ crystal, ogsijiinta waxa ay ku taal weji{7}kubik u dhaw{8}} qaab dhismeed kakooban, halka manganese iyo ogsijiin ay sameeyaan qaab dhismeed octahedral ah, sida ka muuqata sawirka hoose.
Manganese aad bay ugu badan tahay dabeecadda, iyo farsamooyinka diyaarinta ee lafdhabarta{0}}nooca lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) waxay soo bandhigaan sifooyin kala duwan. Jidka isku-dhafka iyo farsamada farsamaynta ee maaddadu waxay si toos ah u saameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka yaryar iyo horumarinta hadhuudhka ee alaabta ugu dambeysa. Sidaa darteed, hagaajinta hababkan isku-dhafka ah ayaa muhiim u ah hagaajinta waxqabadka korantada ee alaabta korantada ee codsiyada la taaban karo. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, warshadaha iyo akadeemiyada waxay si weyn u adeegsadaan laba nooc oo habab oo waaweyn si loo diyaariyo LiMn2O4: mid waxay ku saleysan tahay isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya alaabta ceyriinka adag, sida -kulka adag{{9} falcelinta gobolka, microwave{10}}isugaynta la caawiyay, iyo daawaynta uurka ee warbaahinta milixda dhalaalaysa.
Qayb kale ayaa ku lug leh isbeddelka kiimikaad ee jawi dareere ah, oo wata tusaalooyin caadi ah oo ay ku jiraan tignoolajiyada sol-, synthesis hydrothermal, iyo farsamooyinka is-biirsiga. LiMnzO4 waxay soo jiidatay dareenka baahsan sababtoo ah faa'iidada qiimaha, xasilloonida kulaylka aadka u fiican, caabbinta xad-dhaafka ah ee xooggan, iyo faa'iidooyinka deegaanka ee wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, maaddadani waxay leedahay cillado xagga waxqabadka baaskiilka iyo kaydinta, gaar ahaan heerkulka sare, halkaas oo waxqabadkiisa baaskiilku aad u sii xumaanayo, taas oo horseedaysa luminta awoodda aan la bedeli karin.
lithium{0}} manganese qani ah{1}} ku salaysan
Marka laga reebo lithium manganese oxide, lithium lakabka ah-manganese qani{1}}Waxyaabaha ku salaysan ayaa soo jiitay dareenka baahsan sida walxo cathode ah oo soo baxaya oo loogu talagalay baytariyada lithium{2}
Hababka u diyaargarowga lithium{0}manganese qani{1} agabka cathode ku salaysan waxa ku jira adkaha{2}}hababka gobolka, sol-hababka jel, iyo co{4}hababka roobabka. Habka adag -Qaabka gobolka waxa ka mid ah in si toos ah loo qaso oksaydhyada birta ah iyo karboonaydhka birta ah ama biraha hydroxides qayb gaar ah, oo ay ku xigto - heerkul adag {{8} falcelin dawladeed si loo helo lithium lakabaysan{9}} walxo qani ah. Faa'iidooyinka habka adag{11}} waa awooda uu u leeyahay in uu soo saaro tiro badan oo ah lithium lakabyo{12}}alabo qani ah, habka diyaarintiisa fudud, iyo qiimahiisa jaban. Khasaarooyinku waa iskudarka faafinta liidata ee adag inta lagu jiro adag - state sintering , iyo xaqiiqda ah in biraha kala guurka kala duwan leeyihiin heerka faafin kala duwan ee adag {15} falcelinta gobolka , taas oo adkaynaysa in qaybo si ku filan u faafin. Sidaa darteed, isku-dhafka walxaha isku-dhafan waa mid liidata, taas oo saameynaysa waxqabadka maaddada cathode. Habka jel - waxa ku jira in marka hore lagu daro milix birta kala guurka ah is dhexgalka si uu u sameeyo sol, ka dibna uumibixiyo biyaha si uu jel uga dhigo, iyo ugu danbeyn in la qalajiyo oo la xisaabiyo si loo helo lithium lakabka ah{19}}alaab qani ah. Habkani waxa uu soo saaraa qalab leh qaybin isku mid ah iyo nadiif sare, iyo electrodes-ka la soo saaro waxay soo bandhigaan waxqabad koronto oo wanaagsan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilladaheeda waxaa ka mid ah wareeg dheer oo been abuur ah, baahida loo qabo isku-xireyaasha badan (acids organic ama ethylene glycol), taasoo keentay kharashyo badan. Intaa waxaa dheer, lithium-ka lakabka ah ee la soo saaray{23}}alaabta hodanka ah ayaa u badan nano/macron qurubyo cufnaan dhab ah hooseeyo. Sidaa darteed, habkan waxa hadda ugu horrayn loo adeegsadaa goobaha shaybaadhka si loo sameeyo lithium-ka lakabka ah-alaabta qani ah wayna adagtahay in ganacsi laga sameeyo.
Qalab sare-nickel cathode
Cilmi baadhayaashu waxay muddo dheer raadinayeen - degenaansho heerkul sare ah iyo wax qabad heer sare ah sida yoolalka aasaasiga ah marka la horumarinayo cathode
walxaha loogu talagalay baytariyada lithium{0} Waxaa ka mid ah saddexda shay ee ugu waaweyn - LiCoO₂, LiNi₁ₓ₋ᵧCoₓMnᵧO₂ (NCM), iyo LiFePO₄ - NCM waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah agabka cathode-ka ee ugu yabooha badan sababtoo ah awooddeeda gaarka ah oo aad u sareysa, kharash yar oo ceyriin ah, badbaadada deegaanka marka la barbar dhigo LiCoO.
Walaxda noocaan ah waxay leedahay isla {{0}NaFeO₂-nooca qaab dhismeedka lakabka leh oo ay iska leedahay R{6}}3m kooxda booska. Fikradan waxaa markii hore soo jeediyay Liu et al. 1999. Waxa ay si xariifnimo leh isugu darsataa faa'iidooyinka saddexda maaddooyinka cathode - lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO₂), iyo lithium manganese oxide (LiMnO₂) - waxayna si wax ku ool ah u magdhabisaa cilladaha ku jira shakhsi kasta 5. Iyadoo la hagaajinayo saamiga walxaha birta ee kala-guurka ah, dheelitirka ugu fiican ee ka dhexeeya awoodda gaarka ah, waxqabadka wareegga, badbaadada, iyo kharashka ayaa la sii gaari karaa.
Qaab dhismeedka crystal ee lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NCM) ternary cathode walxaha asal ahaan waa la mid ah kan LiCoO2, oo labaduba ka tirsan yihiin qaabdhismeedka lakabka leh ee laba geesoodka ah.
